A galvanic battery is what an oxygen sensor functions as, which produces voltage based on the amount of oxygen in the exhaust. It is responsible for producing a voltage output that ranges from 0.1 volt (this indicates a lean mixture with high oxygen levels) to 0.9 volt (this indicates a rich mixture with low oxygen levels). Positioned upstream of the
Catalytic Converters on the exhaust manifolds, there are feedbacks from residual oxygen in the exhaust to PCM via upstream oxygen sensors. To attain ideal air/fuel ratio of 14.7:1 by attaining complete combustion, this variable voltage is utilized by PCM to know necessary fuel injector pulse width. By generating slower fluctuating voltage signals, downstream oxygen sensors found on the catalytic converters monitor catalytic converter efficiency. The expected range can be deviated from by this signal as the catalytic converter gets old and less effective making it possible for PCM to predict converter failure. In all models there are four O2 sensors which consist of two upstream (1/1 and 2/1) located at the exhaust manifolds and two located downstream (1/2 and 2/2) at the catalytic converters. Among these conditions are electrical connectivity, unobstructed airflow, correct operating temperature (approximately 600 degrees F), and use of lead-free or unleaded fuel. When such issues arise due to an O2 sensor problem, PCM detects several faults and establishes Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) that make it go into open-loop fuel control mode. Proper anti-seize compound must be used when replacing or not when replacing depending on whether it's an old or new sensor. After installing a new sensor, one should disconnect battery cable then leave it for about five minutes or just let it sit thus helping erase previously stored operational values in PCM so that it can start learning new attributes about vehicle characteristics. Failing to do this may result in problems with drivability.